بستر اجتماعى سلامت

نوع مقاله : تخصصی

نویسنده

چکیده

سلامت ما تنها نتیجه چگونه زندگى کردن ما نیست. [بلکه] از نوع شغلى که در اختیار داریم, درآمد ما و جهان اجتماعى اى که در آن مقیم هستیم نیز متأثّر است. در واقع, شواهد فزاینده اى وجود دارد که تفاوت هاى بهداشتیِ ظاهراً متأثّر از عوامل بیولوژیکى, بویژه تفاوت هاى مربوط به جنس, از عوامل اجتماعى نیز تأثیرپذیرند. این تفاوت ها, کم اهمیت و پیش پا افتاده نیستند. مردان به طور متوسط, پنج سال کمتر از زنان عمر مى کنند. افرادى که از رفاه بیشترى برخوردارند به طور متوسط, پنج سال بیشتر از فقرا عمر مى کنند (Haberman & Bloomfield, 1988). این عوامل مى توانند خطر ناشى از هرگونه رفتار مربوط به بهداشت فردى, از جمله استعمال دخانیات, را تحت الشعاع قرار دهند (Hein, Suadicani & Gyntelberg, 1992). اگر هدف ما بهبود بخشیدن به وضع سلامت عمومى است, تغییر محیط و بسترى که مردم در آن به سر مى برند چه بسا به اندازه تغییر و تحول در برنامه هایى که به رفتارهاى مخاطره آمیز فردى معطوف اند, عامل نیرومندى از کار در آید.


عنوان مقاله [English]

بستر اجتماعى سلامت

نویسنده [English]

  • Pal Benet
چکیده [English]

سلامت ما تنها نتیجه چگونه زندگى کردن ما نیست. [بلکه] از نوع شغلى که در اختیار داریم, درآمد ما و جهان اجتماعى اى که در آن مقیم هستیم نیز متأثّر است. در واقع, شواهد فزاینده اى وجود دارد که تفاوت هاى بهداشتیِ ظاهراً متأثّر از عوامل بیولوژیکى, بویژه تفاوت هاى مربوط به جنس, از عوامل اجتماعى نیز تأثیرپذیرند. این تفاوت ها, کم اهمیت و پیش پا افتاده نیستند. مردان به طور متوسط, پنج سال کمتر از زنان عمر مى کنند. افرادى که از رفاه بیشترى برخوردارند به طور متوسط, پنج سال بیشتر از فقرا عمر مى کنند (Haberman & Bloomfield, 1988). این عوامل مى توانند خطر ناشى از هرگونه رفتار مربوط به بهداشت فردى, از جمله استعمال دخانیات, را تحت الشعاع قرار دهند (Hein, Suadicani & Gyntelberg, 1992). اگر هدف ما بهبود بخشیدن به وضع سلامت عمومى است, تغییر محیط و بسترى که مردم در آن به سر مى برند چه بسا به اندازه تغییر و تحول در برنامه هایى که به رفتارهاى مخاطره آمیز فردى معطوف اند, عامل نیرومندى از کار در آید.

Achat, H., Kawachi, I., Byrne. C., Hankinson, S. & Colditz. G. (2000). A prospective study of job strain and risk of breast cancer. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29, 622-628.
Alfredsson, L., Spetz, C. L. & Theorell. T. (1985). Type of occupational and near-future hospitalization for myocardial infarction and some other diagnoses. International Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 378-388.
American Heart Association (1995). Heart and Stroke Facts: 1995 Statistical Supplement. Dallas. TX: American Heart Association.
Ames, G. M. & Janes, C.R. (1987). Heavy and problem drinking in an American blue-collar population: implications for prevention. Social Science and Medicine, 25, 949-960.
Ancona. C., Agabiti, N., Forastiere, F., Arc`a, M., Fusco, D., Ferro, S. & Perucci, C.A. (2000). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery: socio-economic inequalities in access and in 30 day mortality. A population-based study in Rome. Italy. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 54, 930-935.
Ashton, J. (1992). Healthy Cities. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Ayanian, J. Z., Cleary, P.D., Weissman, J. S. & Epstein, A. M. (1999). The effect of patientsص preferences on racial differences in access to renal transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1661-1669.
Balarajan, R. & Raleigh, V. (1993). Ethnicity and Health in England. London: HMSO.
Baum, A., Garofalo, J. P. & Yali, A. M. (1999). Socioeconomic status and chronic stress. Does stress account for SES effects on health? Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 896, 131-144.
Bennett, P.D. (2000). Introduction to Clinical Health Psychology. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Bennett, P.D. & Murphy, S. (1997). Psychology and Health Promotion. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Berkman, L. F. & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds), Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Berkman, L. F. & Syme, S.L. (1979). Social networks host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda Country residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109, 186-204.
Brawley, O.W. & Freeman, H. P. (1999). Race and outcomes: is this the end of the beginning for minority health research? Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91, 1908-1909.
Broman, C. L. (1993). Social relationships and health-related behaviour. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 335-350.
Brosschot, J. F. & Yhayer, J. F. (1998). Anger inhibition, cardiovascular recovery, and vagal function: a model of the link between hostility and cardiovascular disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 326-332.
Caspersen, C. J. & Merritt, R. K. (1995). Physical activity trends among 26 states, 1986-1990. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 713-720.
Charmaz, K. (1994). Identity dilemmas of chronically ill men. Sociological Quarterly, 35, 269-288.
Clarke, R. (2000). Perceptions of interethnic group racism predict increased vascular reactivity to a laboratory challenge in college women. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 214-222.
Cole, S. W., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S.E. & Visscher, B. R. (1996). Elevated physical health risk among gay men who conceal their homosexual identity. Health Psychology, 15, 243-251.
Countenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on menصs well-being: a theory of gender and health. Social Science and Medicine, 50, 1385-1401.
Davey Smith, G., Carroll, D., Rankin, S. & Rowan, D. (1992). Socio-economic differntials in mortality: evidence from Glasgow graveyards. British Medical Journal, 305, 1554-1557.
Davey Smith, G., Dorling, D., Gordon, D. & Shaw, M. (1999). The widening health gap: what are the solutions? Critical Public Health, 9. 151-170.
Davey Smith, G., Wentworh, D., Neaton, J.D., Stamler, R. & Stamler, J. (1996). Socio-economic differentials in morality risk among men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, 2: black men. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 497-504.
de Jong, J., Bosma, H., Peter, R. & Siegrist, J. (2000). Job strain, effort-reward imbalance and employee wellbeing: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Social Social Science and Medicine, 50, 1317-1327.
Department of Health and Human Services (1996). Report of Final Mortality Statistics, 1994, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 45 (3 Supplement). Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.
Department of Health and Human Services (1998). Health, United States, 1998: Socio-economic Status and Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Dooley, D., Fielding, J. & Levi, L. (1996). Health and unemployment. Annual Review of Public Health, 17, 449-465.
The ENRICHD Investigators (2000). Enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease patients (ENRICHD): study design and methods. American Heart Journal, 139, 1-9.
Filakti, H. & Fox, J. (1995). Differences in mortality by housing tenure and by car access from the OPCS Longitudinal Study. Population Trends, 81, 27-30.
Gallo, L. C. & Matthews, K.A. (1999). Do negative emotions mediate association the between socio-economic status and health? Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 896, 226-245.
Gellert., G.A., Maxwell, R.M. & Siegel, B.S. (1984). Survival of breast cancer pationts receiving adjunctive psychosocial support therapy: a 10-year follow up study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11, 66-69.
Goldblatt, P. (1989). Mortality by social class, 1971-85. Population Trends, 56, 6-15.
Goyder, E. C., McNally, P. G. & Botha, J. L. (2000). Inequalities in access to diabetes care: evidence from a historical cohort study. Quality in Health Care, 9, 85-89.
Haan, M.N. & Kaplan, G. A. (1985). The contribution of socio-economic position to minority health. In M. Heckler (Ed.), Report of the Secretaryصs Task Force on Black and Minority Health: Crosscutting Issues in Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: USDHHS.
Haberman, D. & Bloomfield, D. S. F. (1988). Social class difference in mortality in Great Britain around 1981. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 115, 495-517.
Harding, S. & Maxwell, R. (1997). Differences in mortality of migrants. In F. Drere & M. Whitehead (Eds), Health Inequalities: Decennial Supplement. London: HMSO.
Haynes, G. & Feinleib, M. (1980). Women, work, and coronary heart disease: prospective findings from the Framingham heart study. American Journal of Public Health, 70, 133-141.
Hein, H. O., Suadicani, P. & Gyntelberg, F. (1992). Ischaemic heart disease incidence by social class and form of smoking: the Copenhagen male study_ 17 years follow-up. Journal of Internal Medicine, 231, 477-483.
House, J. S., Kessler, R., Herzog, A. R., Mero, R., Kinney, A. & Breslow, M. (1991). Social stratification, age, and health, In K.W. Scheie, D. Blazer & J. S. House (Eds), Aging, Health Behaviours, and Health Putcomes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jaffe, H. (1997). Dying for dollars. Menصs Health, 12, 132-137.
Janlert, U., Asplund, K. & Weinehall, L. (1992). Unemployment and cardiovascular risk indicators. Data from the MONICA survey in northern Sweden. Journal of Social Medicine, 20, 14-18.
Kahn, K.L., Pearson, M.L., Harrison, E.R., Desmond, K.A., Rogers, W.H., Rubenstein, L.V., Brook, R.H. & Keeler, E. B. (1994). Health care for black and poor hospitalized Medicare patients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 1169-1174.
Karasek, R. (1996). Lower health risk with increased job control among white collar workers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 171-185.
Karasek, R. & Theorell, T. (1990), Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books.
Klag, M. J., Whelton, P.K., Coresh, J., Grim, C.E. & Kuller, L.H. (1991). The association of skin color with blood pressure in US Blacks with low socio-economic status. Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, 599-602.
Krieger, N., Quesenberry, C. & Peng, T, (1999). Social class, race/ethnicity, and incidence of breast cervix, colon, lung, and prostate cancer among Asian, black, Hispanic, and white residents of the San Francisco Bay Area. Cancer Causes Control, 10, 525-537.
Kristensen, T.S. (1995). The demand-control-support model: methodological challenges for future research. Stress Medicine, 11, 17-26.
Lahad, A., Heckbert, S. R., Koepsell, T.D., Psaty, B.M. & Patrick, D.L. (1997). Hostility, aggression and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43, 183-195.
Lewis, G., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., Gill, B., Jenkins, R. & Meltzer, H. (1998). Socio-economic staus, standard of living, and neurotic disorder. Lancet, 352, 605-609.
Linegar, J., Chesson, C. & Nice, D. (1991). Physical fitness gains following simple environmental change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7, 298-310.
Lundberg, U., de Chateau, P., Winberg, J. & Frankenhauser, M. (1981). Catecholamine and cortisol excretion patterns in three year old childern and their parents. Journal of Human Stress, 7, 3-11.
Macintyre, S. & Ellaway, A. (1998). Ecological Approaches: Rediscovering the Role of the Physical and Social Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maes, S., Verhoeven, C., Kittel, F. & Scholten, H. (1998). Effects of the Brabantia-project, a Dutch wellness-health programme at the worksite. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1037-1041.
Marmot, M.G., Shipley, M. J. & Rose, G. (1984). Inequalities in health_ specific explanations of a general pattern? Lancet, i, 1003-1006.
Marmot, M.G., Smit, G.D. & Stansfield, S. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall study II. Lancet, 337, 1387-1393.
McCarron, P., Davey Smith, G. & Wormsley, J. (1994). Deprivation and mortality in Glasgow: changes from 1980 to 1992. British Medical Journal, 309, 1481-1482.
McLeod, J. D. & Kessler, R. C. (1990). Socio-economic status differences in vulnerability to undersirable life events. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 31, 162-172.
Mitchell, J. B., Ballard, D. J., Matchar, D. B., Whisnant, J.P. & Samsa, G. P. (2000). Racial variation in treatment for transient ischemic attacks: impact of participation by neurologists. Health Services Research, 34, 1413-1428.
Murphy, L.R. (1996). Strss management in work settings: a critical review of the health effects. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 112-135.
Nazroo, J. (1997). The Health of Britainصs Ethnic Minorities: Findings from a National Sutvey. London: Policy Studies Institute.
Nazroo, J.Y. (1998). Genetic, Cultural or Socio-economic Vulnerability? Explaining Ethnic Inequalities in Health. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nordstom, C.K., Dyyer, K.M., Merz, C.N.B., Shircore, A. & Dywyer, J.H. (2001). Work-related stress and early atherosclerosis. Epidemiology, 12, 180-185.
Nutbeam, D., Smith, C., Murphy, S. & Catford, J. (1993). Maintaining evaluation designs for longterm community-based health promotion programmes: Heatbeat Wales Case Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 47, 127-133.
Oldenburg, B. & Harris, D. (1996). The workplace as a setting for promoting health and preventing disease. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 37, 226-232.
Orth-Gomer, K. & Johnsson, J.V. (1987). Social network interaction and mortality: a six year follow-up study of a random sample of the Swedish population. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40, 949-957.
Orth-Gomer, K. & Unden, A.-L. (1990). Type A behaviour, social support, and coronary risk: interaction and significance for mortality in cardiac patients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 59-72.
Powell-Griner, E., Anderson, J.E. & Murphy, W. (1997). State and sex-specific prevalence of selected characteristics behavioural risk factor surveillance system, 1994 and 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centres for Disease Control, Surveillance Summaries, 46, 1-31.
Qureshi, M., Thacker, H. L., Litaker, D. G. & Kippes, C. (2000). Differences in breast cancer screening rates: an issue of ethnicity or socioeconomics? Journal of Womenصs Health and Gender Based Medicine, 9, 1025-1031.
Reddy, D. M., Fleming, R. & Adesso, V.J. (1992). Gender and health. In S. Maes, H. Leventhal & M. Johnston (Eds), International Review of Health Psychology. Volume 1. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Reynolds, P. & Kaplan, G.A. (1990). Social connections and risk for cancer: prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. Behavioral Medicine, 16, 101-110.
Ruberman, W., Weinblatt, E., Goldberg, J. D. & Chaudhary, B. S. (1984). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-330.
Rudat, K. (1994). Black and Minority Ethnic Groups in England: Health and Lifestyles. London: Health Education Authority.
Siegrist, J., Peter, R., Junge, A., Cremer, P. & Seidel, D. (1990). Low status control, high effort at work and ischemic heart disease: prospective evidence from blue collar men. Social Science and Medicine, 35, 1127-1134.
Sorlie, P.D., Backlund, E. & Keller, J. B. (1995). US mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics; the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 949-956.
Spiegel, D., Bloom, J. R. & Yalom, I.D. (1981). Group support for patients with metastatic cancer: a randomised prospective outcome study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 527-533.
Stansfeld, S. A., Bosma, H., Hemingway, H. & Marmot, M. G. (1998). Psychosocial work characteristics and social support as predictors of SF-36 health functioning: the Whitehall II study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 247-255.
Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining health environments. American Psychologist, 47, 6-22.
Stronks, K., VandeMheen, H., VandenBos, J. & Mackenbach, J. P. (1997). The interrelationship between income, health and employment status. International Journal of Epidemiology, 16, 592-600.
Todd, K. H., Deaton, C. DصAdamo, A.P. & Goe, L. (2000). Ethnicity and analgesic practice. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 35, 11-16.
Vaillant, G.E. (1998). Natural history of male psychological health, XIV: relationship of mood disorder vulnerability and physical health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 184-191.
Verbrugge, L.M. & Steiner, R. P. (1985). Prescribing drugs to men and women. Health Psychology, 4, 79-98.
Weber, A. & Lehnert, G. (1997). Unemployment and cardiovascular diseases: a causal relationship? International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 70, 153-160.
West, P. & Sweeting, H. (1996). Nae job, nae future: young people and health in a context of unemployment. Health and Social Care in the Community, 4, 50-62.
Westman, M., Eden, D. & Shirom, A. (1985). Job stress, cigarette smoking and cessation: conditioning effects of support. Social Science and Medicine, 20, 637-644.
Winkleby, M., Fortmann, S. & Barrett, D. (1990). Social class disparities in risk factors for diseade: eight year prevalenve patterns by level of education. Preventive Medicine, 19, 1-12.
Wilkinson, M. (1992). Income distribution and life expectancy. British Medical Journal, 304, 165-168.
Wilkinson, R.G. (1990). Income distribution and mortality: a زnaturalس experiment. Social Health Illness, 12, 391-412.
Williams, R. B., Barefool, J.C., Califf, R.M., Haney. T.L., Saunders. W.B., Pryor, D.B., Hlatky, M.A., Siegler, I.C. & Mark, D.B. (1992). Prognostic importance of social resources among patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 520-524.