نوع مقاله : علمی ـ پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار،گروه معارف اسلامی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی دزفول، دزفول، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
The relationship between the principles of "free will" and "causality" has long been a subject of inquiry and exploration by thinkers and philosophers. In analyzing these two foundational principles, the Western philosophical tradition has followed a dual path: one group has believed in the compatibility between the two principles, while another has accepted a fundamental incompatibility between them. Incompatibilists are further divided into two sections: some have emphasized the priority and originality of free will, and others have based their view on determinism. Advocates of free will have presented arguments such as the idea of "agent-causation" by Roderick Chisholm, the theory of "self-determination" by Robert Kane, and Heisenberg's "Uncertainty Principle." Conversely, determinist incompatibilists have resorted to reasons like Peter van Inwagen's "Consequence Argument," Benjamin Libet's experiment on the "unconscious cerebral process," and Nichols' "Challenge to the Common Intuition" experiment. In this context, Nichols, with the Challenge to the Common Intuition experiment, reached varying results; in some data, the results were deterministic, and in others, the results suggested libertarianism (free will).In this research, in the author's opinion, there are criticisms of the theories of both libertarian and determinist incompatibilists, including: considering human reflection and will as natural laws; regarding the distinct status of humans in existence and the subjugation of nature as intuitive; treating heredity and environment as effects and subsidiaries of free will; failure to answer the objection of randomness and capricious action; the incompatibility of interpreting the agent's inherent causality with respect to the action while deeming the action undetermined and uncaused; the realization of undetermined action and will despite mechanical determinism; the objection regarding the non-conjunction of deeming the action undetermined and the principle of alternative possibilities; and the lack of consensus in emerging sciences such as Quantum Theory and the function of the brain and neuroscience. The present research attempts to practically explore and illuminate the various facets of this discussion based on philosophical arguments and some scientific data.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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